The introduction of MTA into paediatric dentistry represented a major breakthrough, particularly in the field of pulpotomies of primary molars. After the relatively “dark” period that followed the ban on the use of formocresol, pulpotomies became less predictable and their success rate decreased significantly. Calcium hydroxide was unable to achieve results comparable to those of formocresol, and it was only the introduction of MTA that once again established pulpotomy as a reliable and successful procedure in paediatric dentistry. The lecture will describe in detail the protocol for vital pulpotomy of a primary molar. The main part of the lecture will consist of thoroughly documented case reports, in which the individual stages of treatment will be presented step by step, with an emphasis on practical clinical application and decision-making during the procedure. In conclusion, we will focus on the most common errors that may occur during pulpotomy, the correct timing and method of follow-up examinations, as well as the key factors involved in evaluating treatment success.